Causes of Infertility
The information in this post is an extract from the World Health Organisation.
Infertility is defined as not achieving a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.
Infertility may be caused by a number of different factors in either the male or female reproductive systems. However, it is sometimes not possible to explain the causes of infertility.
What causes infertility?
Infertility may be caused by a number of different factors in either the male or female reproductive systems. However, it is sometimes not possible to explain the causes of infertility.
In the female reproductive system, infertility may be caused by:
Tubal disorders such as blocked fallopian tubes, which are in turn caused by untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis, or abdominal/pelvic surgery.
Uterine disorders, which could be inflammatory (such as endometriosis), congenital (such as a septate uterus), or benign (such as fibroids).
Disorders of the ovaries, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and other follicular disorders.
Disorders of the endocrine system causing imbalances of reproductive hormones. The endocrine system includes the hypothalamus and the pituitary glands. Examples of common disorders affecting this system include pituitary cancers and hypopituitarism.
The relative importance of these causes of female infertility may differ from country to country due to factors like STI prevalence or differing population ages.
In the male reproductive system, infertility may be caused by:
Obstruction of the reproductive tract, causing issues with semen ejection. Blockages can occur in the tubes that carry semen (such as ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles) and are commonly due to injuries or infections.
Hormonal disorders leading to abnormalities in hormones produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and testicles. Hormones such as testosterone regulate sperm production. Disorders like pituitary or testicular cancers can cause hormonal imbalances.
Testicular failure to produce sperm, for example, due to varicoceles or medical treatments that impair sperm-producing cells (such as chemotherapy).
Abnormal sperm function and quality, including issues with shape (morphology) and movement (motility). The use of anabolic steroids can negatively affect sperm count and shape.
Environmental and lifestyle factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and obesity can also impact fertility. Additionally, exposure to environmental pollutants and toxins can harm eggs and sperm, reducing their numbers and quality.
For those experiencing pregnancy loss, anxiety, depression, and financial distress, there are support organisations that can assist you:
Pregnancy Loss Australia ~ 1800 882 436
SANDS ~ 24/7 phone support - 1300 308 307
Pink Elephant ~ contact@pinkelephantssupport.com
